How To Spend Practice Time

Patterns, rudiments, and scales are meant to develop facility on the instrument. They generally don't have a melodic quality and are supposed to be played as evenly as possible.

Licks are short melodic phrases that are either transcribed or invented and are guaranteed to sound good. Fills are similar to licks and are short phrases used by drummers to transition from one section to the next.

Improvisation is spontaneously creating a short piece within certain parameters. You could be given a rhythm and be allowed to play it in any order of drums.

Etudes are short pieces that are meant to develop a certain skill and apply it within a musical context. Solos are where one musician is given the lead and takes the primary role and controls the musical direction of the piece.

Repertoire is just another word for songs and they're full pieces that use all of these skills put together.